Titanoecidae: Titanoeca Thorell, 1870
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1
 Opisthosoma dorsally with white spots

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- Opisthosoma dorsally without white spots

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2
(1)		 Tibial apophysis of male pedipalp with long, bent process (= thorn); copulatory opening of epigyne with transverse slit or epigynal area notched posteriorly

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- Different

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3
(2)

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 Tibial apophysis of male pedipalp with U-shaped process or short thorn respectively; epigyne with slanting copulatory openings, sometimes appearing triangular; posterior epigynal margin not grooved

Titanoeca spominima (Taczanowski, 1866)
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male Pedipalp
(Roberts 1995)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Roberts 1995)

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female Epigyne
(Roberts 1995)
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 Tibial apophysis and vulva as figs.

Titanoeca nivalis Simon, 1874
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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Leech 1972)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Leech 1972)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Thaler 1981c)
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female Epigyne
(Leech 1972)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)

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female Vulva
(Leech 1972)
4
(2)

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 Ventral branch of tibial apophysis, behind process, broad; copulatory openings of epigyne in transverse slit

Titanoeca tristis L. Koch, 1872
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male Pedipalp
(Pesarini unpubl.)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Loksa 1969)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Kratochvíl 1932b)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Wiehle 1953)

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female Epigyne
(Wiehle 1953)

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female Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)
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female Vulva
(Millidge 1993)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)

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female Vulva
(Kratochvíl 1932b)
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 Ventral branch of tibial apophysis narrow; epigyne posteriorly with notch

Titanoeca veteranica Herman, 1879
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Loksa 1969)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Miller 1971)
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female Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)

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female Vulva
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

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female Vulva
(Loksa 1969)
5
(1)

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 Opisthosoma dorsally with 2 pairs of large white spots; male pedipalp and tibial apophysis in dorsal view as fig.; epigyne is a narrow slit with parallel lateral margins

Titanoeca quadriguttata (Hahn, 1833)
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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Wiehle 1953)

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male Pedipalp
(Pesarini unpubl.)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Kratochvíl 1932b)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Loksa 1969)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Loksa 1969)

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female Epigyne
(Roberts 1995)
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female Epigyne
(Wiehle 1953)

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female Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)
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female Vulva
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

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female Vulva
(Wiehle 1953)

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female Vulva
(Loksa 1969)
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Chelicerae (frontal view) and eyes
(Weiss 1979)

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Opisthosoma (left: male, right: female), dorsal view
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

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Habitus
(Wiehle 1953)
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 Opisthosoma dorsally with one pair of white spots; male pedipalp tibia as fig.; epigyne with posteriorly diverging margins of slit

Titanoeca schineri L. Koch, 1872
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male Pedipalp
(Holm 1973)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Holm 1973)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Kratochvíl 1932b)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Miller 1971)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Loksa 1969)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Loksa 1969)
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female Epigyne
(Heimer & Nentwig 1991)

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female Epigyne
(Loksa 1969)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)
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female Vulva
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

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female Vulva
(Loksa 1969)

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Opisthosoma, dorsal view
(Kratochvíl 1932b)

Further taxa

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1. Titanoeca caspia Ponomarev, 2020
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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)
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male Palpal tibia, prolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)

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male Palpal tibia, retro-apical view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)
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female Vulva, ventral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2020b)

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2. Titanoeca caucasica Dunin, 1985
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male Pedipalp, lateral view
(Dunin 1985)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Dunin 1985)

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male Pedipalp, dorsal view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)
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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)

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male Pedipalp, ventro-retrolateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)
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male Palpal tibia
(Dunin 1985)

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male Palpal tibia, dorso-lateral view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)

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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Dunin 1985)
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female Epigyne
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)

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female Vulva
(Dunin 1985)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Ponomarev & Shmatko 2023b)

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3. Titanoeca deltshevi Naumova, 2019
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male Pedipalp, dorsal view
(Naumova 2019)

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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Naumova 2019)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Naumova 2019)
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female Epigyne
(Naumova 2019)

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female Vulva
(Naumova 2019)

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4. Titanoeca flavicoma L. Koch, 1872
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male Pedipalp
(Holm 1973)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Lehtinen 1967)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Lehtinen 1967)
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male Pedipalp, dorsal view
(Naumova 2019)

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male Pedipalp, dorsal view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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male Palpal tibia, dorsal view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)
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male Tibial apophysis
(Holm 1973)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Holm 1973)

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female Epigyne
(Holm 1973)
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)

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female Epigyne
(van Helsdingen et al. 2018)

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female Epigyne
(Naumova 2019)
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female Epigyne
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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female Vulva
(Holm 1973)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)
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female Vulva
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)

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female Vulva
(van Helsdingen et al. 2018)

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female Vulva
(Naumova 2019)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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female Vulva, ventral view
(Danışman et al. 2024b)

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5. Titanoeca hispanica Wunderlich, 1995
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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Iorio 2017)

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male Bulbus, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)
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male Palpal tibia, prolateral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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male Tibial apophysis, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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6. Titanoeca incerta (Nosek, 1905)
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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Nosek 1905)

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7. Titanoeca monticola (Simon, 1870)
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male Pedipalp
(Pesarini unpubl.)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Breitling 2020)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Simon 1914)
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female Epigyne
(Lehtinen 1967)

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female Epigyne
(Millidge 1993)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)

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8. Titanoeca praefica (Simon, 1870)
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)

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male Palpal tibia, dorsal view
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)
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male Palpal tibia, retrolateral view
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)

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male Tibial apophysis
(Simon 1914)

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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)
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female Epigyne
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)

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female Vulva
(Hubert 1966)

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female Vulva
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Barrientos et al. 2020c)

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9. Titanoeca sibirica L. Koch, 1879
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Holm 1973)

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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Danilov 1994)

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male Pedipalp, ventral view
(Marusik & Kovblyuk 2011)
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male Palpal tibia, dorsal view
(Holm 1973)

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male Palpal tibia, prolateral view
(Holm 1973)

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male Palpal tibia, dorsal view
(Danilov 1994)
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male Palpal tibia, dorsal view
(Marusik & Kovblyuk 2011)

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male Palpal tibia, prolateral view
(Marusik & Kovblyuk 2011)

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female Epigyne
(Holm 1973)
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female Epigyne
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)

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female Epigyne
(Marusik 1995)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Holm 1973)
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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Danilov 1994)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Esyunin & Efimik 1995)

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female Vulva, dorsal view
(Marusik 1995)
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female Vulva, posterior view
(Marusik 1995)

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10. Titanoeca turkmenia Wunderlich, 1995
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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Naumova 2019)

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male Bulbus, ventral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)
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male Palpal tibia, prolateral view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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male Tibial apophysis, dorsal view
(Wunderlich 1995m)

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11. Titanoeca ukrainica Guryanova, 1992
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male Pedipalp, retrolateral view
(Guryanova 1992)

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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Zamani et al. 2022b)

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male Pedipalp, prolateral view
(Seropian et al. 2023b)
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male Palpal tibia
(Guryanova 1992)

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female Epigyne, ventral view
(Ponomarev 2008b)